WHO Immunization Data portal - Detail Page (2024)

WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) are also displayed here. National, regional, and global data are updated annually 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Coverage definition

HepB birth dose: The percentage in the target population who received HepB birth dose within the first 24 hours of birth in a given year.

HepB3: The percentage in the target population who have received three doses of Hepatitis B containing vaccine in a given year.

Official coverage

Official estimates may be based on data from the administrative method, from surveys, or from other sources. Immunization coverage figures from administrative system or from surveys can be biased or inaccurate. Hence, national authorities have the opportunity to provide estimates of what they consider the most likely coverage. This will help to interpret the administrative data.

WUENIC definition

HepBBD: Percentage of births who received a dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of delivery. Estimates of hepatitis B birth dose coverage are produced only for countries with a universal birth dose policy. Estimates are not produced for countries that recommend a birth dose to infants born to HepB virus-infected mothers only or where there is insufficient information to determine whether vaccination is within 24 hours of birth.

HepB3: Percentage of surviving infants who received the 3rd dose of hepatitis B containing vaccine following the birth dose.

Data collection information

Recommended denominator used in the HepB birth dose administrative coverage calculation: live births.

Recommended denominator used in the HepB3 administrative coverage calculation: surviving infants.

Rationale

Immunization is an essential component for reducing under-five mortality. Immunization coverage estimates are used to monitor coverage of immunization services and to guide disease control, elimination and eradication efforts. Hepatitis B birth dose coverage is a good indicator of access to vaccination at birth and progress towards eliminating the vertical transmission of Hepatitis B virus.

Data use

IA2030, SAGE, Publications

M&E framework

Outcome

Advanced filter

DEVELOPMENT STATUS:World Economic Situation and Prospects 2024

","metaData":"

Data type

Percent

Administrative calculation

Number of doses administered through routine services (numerator) / Number in target group (denominator) * 100

Administrative measure method

Countries are instructed to report routine immunization coverage using the administrative method, that is, using data on the number of doses administered. Only doses given that are part of the national immunization schedule are to be included.

Administrative/official estimate method

National

Method of measure

Service/facility reporting system (\"administrative data\"): Reports of vaccinations performed by service providers (e.g. district health centres, vaccination teams, nurses, midwives, physicians) are used for estimates based on service/facility records. The estimate of immunization coverage is derived by dividing the total number of vaccinations given by the number of children in the target population, often based on census projections. Household surveys: Survey items correspond to children’s history in coverage surveys. The principle types of surveys are the WHO Vaccination Coverage Survey (2018 Reference Manual), the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), and the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The indicator is estimated as the percentage of children ages 12–23 months who received three doses of Hepatitis B vaccine either any time before the survey, and the percentage of births who received a dose of Hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of delivery before the survey.

Method of estimation

Distinction is made between situations where data reported by national authorities accurately reflect immunization system performance and those where the data are likely compromised and may present a misleading view of immunization coverage. While there are frequently general trends in immunization coverage levels, no attempt is made to fit data points using smoothing techniques or time series methods. The estimates are informed and constrained by the following heuristics: Country–specific: Each country's data are reviewed individually; data and information are not \"borrowed\" from other countries. If national data are available from a single source, the estimates are based solely on that source, supplemented with linear interpolation to impute values for years where data are not available. If no data are available for the most recent estimation period, the estimate remains the same as the previous year's. If new data or information subsequently become available, the relevant portion of the time series is updated. Consistent trends and patterns: If survey data tend to confirm (e.g., within +/- 10% points) reported data, the estimates are based on reported data. If multiple survey points show a fairly consistent relationship with the trend in reported data and the survey data are significantly different from reported data, the estimates are based on reported data calibrated to the level established by the survey data. If survey data are inconsistent with reported data and the survey data appear more reliable, coverage estimates are based on survey data and interpolation between survey data points for intervening years. If multiple data points are available for a given country, vaccine/dose, and year data points are not averaged; rather potential biases in each of the sources are considered and an attempt to construct a consistent pattern over time, choosing data with the least potential for bias consistent with temporal trends and comparisons between vaccines is made. If coverage patterns are inconsistent between vaccines and dose number, an attempt to identify and adjust for possible biases is made. If inconsistent patters are explained by programmatic (e.g., vaccine shortage) or contextual events (e.g., \"international incidences\") the estimates reflect the impact of these events. When faced with situations where several estimates are possible, alternative explanations that appear to cover the observed data are constructed and treated as competing hypotheses., local information is considered, potential biases in the data identified and the more likely hypothesis identified. Recall bias adjustment: In instances where estimates are based primarily on survey data and the proportion of vaccinations based on maternal recall is high, survey coverage levels are adjusted to compensate for maternal recall for multi-dose antigens (i.e., DTP, POL, HepB and Hib) by applying the dropout between the first and third doses observed in the documented data to the vaccination history reported by the child's caretaker. No coverage greater than 100%: Coverage levels in excess of 100% are occasionally reported. While such coverage levels are theoretically possible, they are more likely to be the results of systematic error in the ascertainment of the numerator or the denominator, a mid-year change in target age-groups, or inclusion of children outside the target age group in the numerator. The highest estimate of coverage is 99%. Local knowledge incorporated: By consulting local experts an attempt to put the data in a context of local events - those occurring in the immunization system (e.g. vaccine shortage for parts of the year, donor withdrawal, change in management or policies, etc.) as well as more widely-occurring events (e.g. international incidences, civil unrest, etc.) is made. Information on such events is used to support (or challenge) sudden changes in coverage levels. Description and dissemination of results: For each country, year and vaccine/dose the WHO and UNICEF estimates are presented in both graphic and tabular forms along with the data upon which they are based. The estimates are accompanied by a description of the assumptions and decisions made in developing the specific estimates; the estimates should be interpreted alongside this description. Predominant type of statistics: unadjusted and adjusted.

Method of estimation of global and regional aggregates

Global and regional coverage is a weighted sum of WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) by target population from the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.). The size of the target population is the national annual number of live births (HepBBD) and infants surviving their first year of life (HepB3).

Preferred data source

National immunization programme information system, Household surveys, other administrative systems

Data collection source

WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF)

WUENIC data source

WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC), 2023 Revision (completed 15 July 2024), data from 1980-2023.

These data show the latest WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC). They are based on data reported until 27 June 2024. WUENIC estimates include a Grade of Confidence assigned to each estimated data point. The current release of the WUENIC with data up to 2023 (released in 2024) includes estimates for WHO Member States, including those that did not report 2023 data. For these non-reporting countries, estimates were extrapolated from the last point informed by empirical data. Similarly, global and regional coverages, values were extrapolated from 2022 for non-reporting countries. Non-reporting countries represent ≈5% of the global 2023 cohort. WUENIC data time series are updated annually in July based on available reported data and survey results. Please be sure to reference the 2023 revision (completed 15 July 2024) as the data is used.

These estimates are based on quantitative data: 1) Country reported coverage data (official and administrative coverage) and 2) survey coverage (from survey final reports, and complying with minimum set of quality criteria), and are informed by contextual information (e.g., stock-outs, changes in schedule, and other relevant information where available and appropriate). As such, these estimates are affected by the availability and quality of the underlying data.

The WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) do not represent an endorsem*nt to reported or survey data. Its main focus has been to present a consistent coverage trend analysis.

All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the WHO or UNICEF be liable for damages arising from its use.

Data frequency

Administrative and official reported coverage data are collected annually through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF) exercise (occurring in Q1-Q2 of each year). Country data (including historical data) are updated and made available as received.

WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) national, regional, and global data are updated annually and released mid-July.

Data collected from

Administrative coverage: 2000

Official coverage: 1999

WUENIC data from

HepBBD: 2000

HepB3: 1985

WUENIC notes

If two states combined into one, data are presented only for the new entity: i.e. Federal German Republic & German Democratic Republic data are now under Germany.

Data from new entities emerging from older entities are reported from their birth date, whereas the original entity data are retained until their cessation.

Limitations

Description of the denominator of the target group in the country reported may be incomplete or different than the denominator suggested in the reporting form. Weaknesses of the administrative system in the country and survey biases may impact the coverage estimates.

Comments

The quality of the estimates are determined by the quality and availability of empirical data. Vaccination is relatively easy to measure and two methods - facility reports and surveys - have been developed, each of which, when properly designed and implemented, provides accurate and reliable direct measures of coverage levels. Implemented jointly, they provide a validation of coverage levels. However, both methods are subject to biases. In some instances, these biases may be identified and corrected and we have attempted to do so. These data are supplemented with local consultations that often explain inconsistencies and anomalies in the data and provide insight into forces that influence coverage levels. More importantly, WHO and UNICEF are working closely with countries to improve the quality and usefulness of coverage monitoring data systems.

Please inform WHO Global Monitoring team of incorrect or missing information at: vpdata@who.in

","links":"

https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/global-monitoring/who-unicef-joint-reporting-process

https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/global-monitoring/immunization-coverage

https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/global-monitoring/immunization-coverage/who-unicef-estimates-of-national-immunization-coverage

https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/global-monitoring/data-statistics-and-graphics

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